Mansa Mss prodigious generosity and piety, as well as the fine clothes and exemplary behaviour of his followers, did not fail to create a most-favourable impression. The three states warred with each other as much, if not more, than they did against outsiders, but rivalries generally stopped when faced with invasion. [80] Ibn Khaldun regarded Wali as one of Mali's greatest rulers. From at least the beginning of the 11th century, Mandinka kings known as faamas ruled Manden from Ka-ba in the name of the Ghanas.[68]. [41] Given the grandeur of his subsequent hajj, it is likely that Musa spent much of his early reign preparing for it. During Musa's 25-year-rule the Mali Empire more than tripled in size and had significant influence in several modern day countries including Mauritania, Senegal, Nigeria, Burkino Faso and Chad. [81] The territory of the Mali Empire was at its height during the reigns of Musa and his brother Sulayman, and covered the Sudan-Sahel region of West Africa. They camped for three days by the Pyramids of Giza, before crossing the Nile into Cairo on 19 July. Sundiata Keita was a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty who was called upon to free the local people from the rule of the king of the Sosso Empire, Soumaoro Kant. In approximately 1140 the Sosso kingdom of Kaniaga, a former vassal of Wagadou, began conquering the lands of its old rulers. [93] Musa may have brought as much as 18 tons of gold on his hajj,[94] equal in value to over US$957million in 2022. [61], According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, the cities of Gao and Timbuktu submitted to Musa's rule as he traveled through on his return to Mali. What made this possible was the decentralised nature of administration throughout the state. In the 1450s, Portugal began sending raiding parties along the Gambian coast. Arabic sources omit Faga Leye, referring to Musa as Musa ibn Abi Bakr. An army was required to guard the borders to protect its flourishing trade. The most common measure for gold within the realm was the ambiguous mithqal (4.5grams of gold). [67] The Manden city-state of Ka-ba (present-day Kangaba) served as the capital and name of this province. The Mali Empire covered a larger area for a longer period of time than any other West African state before or since. Lange, Dierk (1996), "The Almoravid expansion and the downfall of Ghana", Der Islam 73 (2): 313351. [90][91] His reign is considered the golden age of Mali. [93] Emperor Bonga did not appear to hold the area, and it stayed within the Mali Empire after Maghan Keita III's death in 1400. [j][52][53] While in Cairo, Musa met with the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, whose reign had already seen one mansa, Sakura, make the hajj. Evidence of cavalry in terracotta figures suggest the empire's prosperous economy as horses are not indigenous to Africa. The organization and smooth administration of a purely African empire, the founding of the University of Sankore, the expansion of trade in Timbuktu, the architectural innovations in Gao, Timbuktu, and Niani and, indeed, throughout the whole of Mali and in the subsequent Songhai empire are all testimony to Mansa Mss superior administrative gifts. Sadly for Sundjata, this did not occur before his father died. This is the least known period in Mali's imperial history. Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. [56], In the 1960s, archaeological work at Niani village, reputed to be the capital of the Mali Empire, by Polish and Guinean archaeologists revealed the remains of a substantial town dating back as far as the 6th century. Who is the richest monarch in the world? - coalitionbrewing.com In search of a status discourse for Mande". Atlantic voyage of the predecessor of Mansa Musa - Wikipedia Musa I (known more commonly as Mansa Musa) was the tenth Mansa (a Mandinka word for "emperor") of the Mali Empire. World History Encyclopedia. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals. The bow figured prominently in Mandinka warfare and was a symbol of military force throughout the culture. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Mansa Musa Dbq Essay - 223 Words | Bartleby [93] Mansa Maghan Keita I spent wastefully and was the first lacklustre emperor since Khalifa Keita. Heusch, Luc de: "The Symbolic Mechanisms of Sacred Kingship: Rediscovering Frazer". Medieval Map Points to World's Richest Man, Maybe Ever [147][148], The Sudano-Sahelian influence was particularly widely incorporated during the rule of Mansa Musa I, who constructed many architectural projects, including the Great Mosque of Gao and Royal Palace in Timbuktu, which was built with the assistance of Ishaak al-Tuedjin, an architect brought by Musa from his pilgrimage to Mecca. Who would native Malians have considered their greatest ruler? Like two mansolu (rulers of Mali) before him, Ms I undertook the hajj as an act of devotion in line with Islamic tradition. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. CREDITS: Chart/Narration: Matt Baker Research/Artwork: From Nothing Team Editing: Jack Rackam Intro animation: Syawish Rehman Intro music: "Lord of the Land" by Kevin MacLeod and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0. The earliest document mentioning the mosque is Abd al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan, which gives the early history, presumably from the oral tradition as it existed in the mid seventeenth century. Mansa Musa | Stanford History Education Group The army of the Mali Empire used of a wide variety of weapons depending largely on where the troops originated. After many years in exile, first at the court of Wagadou and then at Mema, Sundiata was sought out by a Niani delegation and begged to combat the Sosso and free the kingdoms of Manden forever. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Oct 2020. [32] When he did not return, Musa was crowned as mansa himself, marking a transfer of the line of succession from the descendants of Sunjata to the descendants of his brother Abu Bakr. [128] Nevertheless, the mansa managed to keep tax money and nominal control over the area without agitating his subjects into revolt. [84][85] However, some aspects of Musa appear to have been incorporated into a figure in Mand oral tradition known as Fajigi, which translates as "father of hope". Mali borrowed the practice to stem inflation of the substance, since it was so prominent in the region. [16] However, al-Umari gives Mali as the name of the capital province and Ibn Khaldun refers to Mali as a people, with each giving different names for the capital city itself. [42] Among these preparations would likely have been raids to capture and enslave people from neighboring lands, as Musa's entourage would include many thousands of enslaved people; the historian Michael Gomez estimates that Mali may have captured over 6,000 people per year for this purpose. Consequently, the name of Mali and Timbuktu appeared on 14th century world maps. [122] They targeted Moroccan pashas still in Timbuktu and the mansas of Manden. Mansa Ms, either the grandson or the grandnephew of Sundiata, the founder of his dynasty, came to the throne in 1307. Kankoro-sigui Mari Djata, who had no relation to the Keita clan, essentially ran the empire in Musa Keita II's stead. He never took the field again after Kirina, but his generals continued to expand the frontier, especially in the west where they reached the Gambia River and the marches of Tekrur. The 1375 Catalan Atlas portrayed a "city of Melly" (Catalan: ciutat de Melly) in West Africa. A legend claims that Sunjata transformed into a hippopotamus. According to Musa's own account, his predecessor as Mansa of Mali, presumably Muhammad ibn Qu,[31] launched two expeditions to explore the Atlantic Ocean (200 ships for the first exploratory mission and 2,000 ships for the second). [93] Dyamani-tiguis had to be approved by the mansa and were subject to his oversight. They founded the first village of the Manding, Kirikoroni, then Kirina, Siby, Kita. The date of Mahmud's death and identity of his immediate successor are not recorded, and there is a gap of 65 years before another mansa's identity is recorded. Musa I of Mali | Biography, Wealth, Slaves, Pilgrimage, & Facts Musa made his pilgrimage between 1324 and 1325 spanning 2,700 miles. She or he will best know the preferred format. [57][58] Having run out of money, Musa and his entourage were forced to borrow money and re-sell much of what they had purchased while in Cairo before the hajj, and Musa went into debt to several merchants, such as Siraj al-Din. The 14th-century traveller Ibn Baah noted that it took about four months to travel from the northern borders of the Mali empire to Niani in the south. Ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. Imperial Mali is best known through three primary sources: the first is the account of Shihab al-'Umari, written in about 1340 by a geographer-administrator in Mamluk Egypt. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Oral tradition states that he had three sons who fought over Manden's remains. Accounts of how many people and how much gold he spent vary. Ag-Amalwal. Free warriors from the north (Mandekalu or otherwise) were usually equipped with large reed or animal hide shields and a stabbing spear that was called a tamba. Online articles in the 21st century have claimed that Mansa Musa was the richest person of all time. Mansa Ms left a realm notable for its extent and richeshe built the Great Mosque at Timbuktubut he is best remembered in the Middle East and Europe for the splendour of his pilgrimage to Mecca (1324). [52][55], Musa's generosity continued as he traveled onwards to Mecca, and he gave gifts to fellow pilgrims and the people of Medina and Mecca. The Twelve Doors of Mali were a coalition of conquered or allied territories, mostly within Manden, with sworn allegiance to Sundiata and his descendants. [81] He was replaced by Abu Bakr, a son of Sunjata's daughter. Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton. The mansa could also replace a farba if he got out of control, as in the case of Diafunu. Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. The value of the salt was chiefly determined by the transport costs. Mansa Musa returned from Mecca with several Islamic scholars, including direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad and an Andalusian poet and architect by the name of Abu Es Haq es Saheli,. [15] Leo Africanus said that the capital city was called Melli. The northern commercial towns of Oualata and Audaghost were also conquered and became part of the new state's northern border. The other account claims that Gao had been conquered during the reign of Mansa Sakura. Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali Server Costs Fundraiser 2023 Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. [citation needed]. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The fame of Mansa Musa and his phenomenal wealth spread as he traveled on his hajjto Mecca. [112] Still, no help came from the envoy and further possessions of Mali were lost one by one. The voyage is often incorrectly attributed to a Mansa Abu Bakr II, but no such mansa ever reigned. [50] Such impermanent capitals are a historically widespread phenomenon, having occurred in other parts of Africa such as Ethiopia, as well as outside Africa, such as in the Holy Roman Empire.[51]. He brought a large entourage with him which impressed people everywhere they went. The people of the south needed salt for their diet, but it was extremely rare. Between 1324 - 1325, Mansa Musa . [57], Modern oral traditions also related that the Mandinka kingdoms of Mali or Manden had already existed several centuries before Sundiata's unification as a small state just to the south of the Sonink empire of Wagadou, better known as the Ghana Empire. [92] Furthermore, it is difficult to meaningfully compare the wealth of historical figures such as Mansa Musa, due to the difficulty of separating the personal wealth of a monarch from the wealth of the state and the difficulty of comparing wealth in highly different societies. Imperial Mali's horsemen also used iron helmet and mail armour for defence[146] as well as shields similar to those of the infantry. [15] He is also called Hidji Mansa Musa in oral tradition in reference to his hajj. The third great account is that of Ibn Khaldun, who wrote in the early 15th century. Mansa Musa's reign itself was 25 years long. [44] Niani's reputation as an imperial capital may derive from its importance in the late imperial period, when the Songhai Empire to the northeast pushed Mali back to the Manding heartland. Original video by UsefulCharts. However, the legendary oral tradition that surrounds Keita suggests that he never turned away from his native religion. [70] Both of these men were part of Mali's warrior elite known as the ton-ta-jon-ta-ni-woro ("sixteen carriers of quivers"). In his lifetime and beyond, he was known for his extravagant wealth and spending, funded by his kingdom's vast salt and gold mines. The identification of Niani as imperial capital is rooted in an (possibly erroneous) interpretation of the Arab traveler al Umari's work, as well as some oral histories. [43] Perhaps because of this, Musa's early reign was spent in continuous military conflict with neighboring non-Muslim societies. When Mansa Musa was giving gold away, he was following 2 . [19], Much of what is known about Musa comes from Arabic sources written after his hajj, especially the writings of Al-Umari and Ibn Khaldun. In addition, the moral and religious principles he had taught his subjects endured after his death. Stories of his fabulous wealth even reached Europe. Ms Is pilgrimage caravan to Mecca in 1324 comprised some 60,000 people and an immeasurable amount of gold. [14], Medieval sources are divided over whether Mali is the name of a town or a region. [82], Musa is less renowned in Mand oral tradition as performed by the jeliw. This is one of the main factors to the fall of the kingdom. Musa's death may have occurred in 1337, 1332, or possibly even earlier, giving 1307 or 1312 as plausible approximate years of accession. Arab writers from the time said that he travelled with an entourage of tens of thousands of people and dozens of camels, each carrying 136 kilograms (300 pounds) of gold. The Gbara or Great Assembly would serve as the Mandinka deliberative body until the collapse of the empire in 1645. He recruited scholars from the wider Muslim world to travel to Mali, such as the Andalusian poet Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, and helped establish Timbuktu as a center of Islamic learning. World History Encyclopedia. "LEAD: International: The History of Guinea-Bissau", "Four People Who Single-handedly Caused Economic Crises", "Lessons from Timbuktu: What Mali's Manuscripts Teach About Peace | World Policy Institute", "Mossi (12501575 AD) DBA 2.0 Variant Army List", "The history of Africa Peul and Toucouleur", "Africa and Slavery 15001800 by Sanderson Beck", "How the Mali Empire in the 12th century revolved levels of governance", Trade, Transport, Temples, and Tribute: The Economics of Power, "Gold, Islam and Camels: The Transformative Effects of Trade and Ideology", "Power and permanence in precolonial Africa: a case study from the central Sahel", "Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Age", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires", Metropolitan Museum Empires of the Western Sudan: Mali Empire, Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 13251354, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali_Empire&oldid=1142808910, Identification disputed; possibly no fixed capital, Yantaar or Kel Antasar: Located in the vicinity of the, Tn Ghars or Yantar'ras: Correspond to the modern, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 13:53. Niane, D. T.: "Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali". Biti, Buti, Yiti, Tati). Mansa Musa turned the kingdom of Mali into a sophisticated center of learning in the Islamic world.Mansa Musa came to power in 1312 C.E., after the previous king, Abu Bakr II, disappeared at sea. The Mandinka went on to form the powerful and rich Mali Empire, which produced the richest Black man who ever lived, King Mansa Musa. Mansa Musa was very wealthy and religious man who went on his Hajj for religious reasons and to also help people from his empire make the holy trip to Mecca for the god Allah. Mansa Musa was an important ruler of the golden age of the Malink kingdom, based on the upper Niger River in Mali, West Africa. From 1389 onwards Mali gained a host of mansas of obscure origins. [49] It has been suggested that the name given in the Arabic sources for the capital of Mali is derived the Manding word "bambi", meaning "dais", and as such refers to the "seat of government" in general rather than being the name of a specific city. [4] Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th-century Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th-century Andalusian traveller Leo Africanus. In the 17th year of his reign (1324), he set out on his famous pilgrimage to Mecca. [69] The Kangaba province, free of Sonink influence, splintered into twelve kingdoms with their own maghan (meaning prince) or faama. [67] News of the Malian empire's city of wealth even traveled across the Mediterranean to southern Europe, where traders from Venice, Granada, and Genoa soon added Timbuktu to their maps to trade manufactured goods for gold.[68]. Mansa Musa was the great-great-grandson of Sunjata, who was the founder of the empire of Mali. Around 1610, Mahmud Keita IV died. Musa stayed in the Qarafa district of Cairo, and befriended its governor, Ibn Amir Hajib, who learned much about Mali from him. Mansa Musa (about 1280 - about 1337) was an emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. [120] Each ruler used the title of mansa, but their authority only extended as far as their own sphere of influence. [70] Gbr Keita was crowned Mansa Ouali Keita II and ruled during the period of Mali's contact with Portugal. His information about the empire came from visiting Malians taking the hajj, or pilgrim's voyage to Mecca. Mansa Musa was a smart, powerful, competent Islamic autocrat who ruled over and expanded the Malian empire. The historian al-Umar, who visited Cairo 12 years after the emperors visit, found the inhabitants of this city, with a population estimated at one million, still singing the praises of Mansa Ms. In 14331434, the Mali Empire lost control of Timbuktu to the Tuareg, led by Akil [133], There was no standard currency throughout the realm, but several forms were prominent by region. A city called Dieriba or Dioliba is sometimes mentioned as the capital or main urban center of the province of Mande in the years before Sundiata, that was later abandoned. [105][106] Three years later, Oualata also fell into their hands. More than sixty years after the reign of Sundiata Keita, one of his descendants rose to become the King of Mali. The Portuguese decided to stay out of the conflict and the talks concluded by 1495 without an alliance.[110]. However, territories that were crucial to trade or subject to revolt would receive a farba. He ruled between 707-732/737 according to the Islamic calendar (AH), which translates to 1307-1332/1337 CE. Sundjata is credited with at least the initial organisation of the Manding military. Urban Dictionary: mansa musa [96], According to some Arabic writers, Musa's gift-giving caused a depreciation in the value of gold in Egypt. In addition, Mansa Ms had a baggage train of 80 camels, each carrying 300 pounds of gold. In this lesson, students read one recent blog post about Musa I of Mali's wealth, followed by two historical documents from the fourteenth-century, to answer the question: Was Mansa Musa the richest person ever? After Ibn Khaldun's death in 1406, there are no further Arab primary sources except for Leo Africanus, who wrote over a century later. There is some ambiguity over the identity of the mansa responsible for the voyages. [95] When he passed through Cairo, historian al-Maqrizi noted "the members of his entourage proceeded to buy Turkish and Ethiopian slave girls, singing girls and garments, so that the rate of the gold dinar fell by six dirhams.". published on 17 October 2020. [70] The mansa lost control of Jalo during this period. Grades 5 - 8 Subjects Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Ancient Civilizations, World History Image Timbuktu, Henrich Barth Painting The fame of Mansa Musa and his phenomenal wealth spread as he traveled on his hajj to Mecca. Well after his death, Mansa Musa remained engrained in the imagination of the world as a symbol of fabulous wealth. [111] This envoy from the Portuguese coastal port of Elmina arrived in response to the growing trade along the coast and Mali's now urgent request for military assistance against Songhai. [93] Sandaki Keita should not however be taken to be this person's name but a title. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Who Are the Mandinka? - HISTORY [70], The number and frequency of conquests in the late 13th century and throughout the 14th century indicate the Kolonkan mansas inherited and/or developed a capable military. [84] Then an enslaved court official, Sakura, seized power. Like the Great Mosque, a contemporaneous and grandiose structure in Timbuktu, the Hall was built of cut stone. Masuta the Descended - The RuneScape Wiki King Mansa Musa is famous for his Hajj journey, during which he stopped off in Egypt and gave out so much gold that the Egyptian economy was ruined for years to come. The Sahelian and Saharan towns of the Mali Empire were organised as both staging posts in the long-distance caravan trade and trading centres for the various West African products. Mansa Ms, whose empire was one of the largest in the world at that time, is reported to have observed that it would take a year to travel from one end of his empire to the other. This thread is archived [23] Numbered individuals reigned as mansa; the numbers indicate the order in which they reigned. The Mali Empire reached its largest area under the Laye Keita mansas. Mali Empire - Wikipedia the descendants of the nearly 1,000-year-old objects made in Africa. Imperial Malian architecture was characterised by Sudano-Sahelian architecture with a Malian substyle, which is exemplified by the Great Mosque of Djenne. Manuscript of Nasir al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn al-Hajj al-Amin al-Tawathi al-Ghalawi's Kashf al-Ghummah fi Nafa al-Ummah. [115] The breakup of the Wolof Empire allowed Mali to reassert authority over some of its former subjects on the north bank of the Gambia, such as Wuli, by 1576. [90] CelebrityNetWorth has been criticized for the unreliability of its estimates. Robert Smith, "The Canoe in West African History", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourgeois1987 (, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Book of Highways and Kingdoms) Ab Ubayd Al-Bakri, "The Empire of Mali, In Our Time BBC Radio 4", "Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources". [83] This term was used interchangeably with dinar, though it is unclear if coined currency was used in the empire. The architectural crafts in Granada had reached their zenith by the fourteenth century, and its extremely unlikely that a cultured and wealthy poet would have had anything more than a dilettante's knowledge of the intricacies of contemporary architectural practice. At the local level (village, town and city), kun-tiguis elected a dougou-tigui (village-master) from a bloodline descended from that locality's semi-mythical founder. Nelson, 1971. Web. Please check the original source(s) for copyright information. World History Encyclopedia. He stopped in Cairo along the way, and his luxurious spending and gift giving was so extensive that he diluted the value of gold by 10 to 25 percent and impacted Cairos economy for at least 12 years afterward. CREDITS: Chart/Narration: Matt Baker. He is also called Hidji Mansa . His riches came from the mining of significant gold and salt deposits in the Mali Empire, along with the slave and ivory trade.[6][7]. All rights reserved. [83] He is criticized for being unfaithful to tradition, and some of the jeliw regard Musa as having wasted Mali's wealth. The farba could also take power away from the native administration if required and raise an army in the area for defence or putting down rebellions.[130]. After unsuccessful attempts by Mansa Mama Maghan to conquer Bamana, the Bamana in 1670 sacked and burned the capital, and the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and ceased to exist, being replaced by independent chiefdoms. [15], Musa ascended to power in the early 1300s[i] under unclear circumstances. Mansa Musa - Wikipedia Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of al-Bakri in 1068,[53][54] the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to Ibn Khaldun (by 1397) as Barmandana,[55] and a few geographical details in the work of al-Idrisi. [48], Parallel to this debate, many scholars have argued that the Mali Empire may not have had a permanent "capital" in the sense that the word is used today, and historically was used in the Mediterranean world. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Khalifa would shoot arrows at his subjects, so he was overthrown and killed. Musa conquered more than 20 major cities in his lifetime. [29] Al-Umari, who visited Cairo shortly after Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca, noted that it was "a lavish display of power, wealth, and unprecedented by its size and pageantry". Timbuktu became a major Islamic university center during the 14th century due to Mansa Musas developments. [98], The wealth of the Mali Empire did not come from direct control of gold-producing regions, but rather trade and tribute. [70] Little is known of him except that he only reigned two years. Mansa Musa of the Mali Empire was the Richest king in history - iwish2click The area was famous as a hunting ground for the large amount of game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation. Intro animation: Syawish Rehman. Only sofa were equipped by the state, using bows and poisoned arrows. "Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali." [93] Mansa Souleyman's generals successfully fought off the military incursions, and the senior wife Kassi behind the plot was imprisoned. Al-Nasir expected Musa to prostrate himself before him, which Musa initially refused to do. Therefore, Arabic visitors may have assigned the "capital" label merely to whatever major city the mansa was based out of at the time of their visit. During this period, trade routes shifted southward to the savanna, stimulating the growth of states such as Bono state. However, Al-Nasir Muhammad returned Musa's earlier show of generosity with gifts of his own. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Mansa Musa came from his country with 80 loads of gold dust (tibr), each load weighing three qintars. All gold was immediately handed over to the imperial treasury in return for an equal value of gold dust. [120], The old core of the empire was divided into three spheres of influence. His equipment furnishings were carried by 12.000 private slave women (Wasaif) wearing gown and brocade (dibaj) and Yemeni silk []. Sergio Domian, an Italian scholar of art and architecture, wrote of this period: "Thus was laid the foundation of an urban civilization. [40], Various sources cite several other cities as capitals of the Mali Empire, some in competition with the Niani hypothesis and others addressing different time periods. Mansa Sandaki Keita, a descendant of kankoro-sigui Mari Djata Keita, deposed Maghan Keita II, becoming the first person without any Keita dynastic relation to officially rule Mali. [85] He went on the hajj during the reign of Mamluk sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (12981308) and was killed in Tajura on his way back to Mali. Mansa Musa (1280-1337) Mansa Musa, fourteenth century emperor of the Mali Empire, is the medieval African ruler most known to the world outside Africa. During the 17th century, the Mali Empire faced incursions from the Bamana Empire. [123] Either as a counter-attack or simply the progression of pre-planned assaults against the remnants of Mali, the Bamana sacked and burned Niani in 1670. The growing trade in Mali's western provinces with Portugal witnessed the exchange of envoys between the two nations.
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