I'm sure you'll enjoy it." 109 0 obj <>stream One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. (Boulding, 1969) JANIS, I.L. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. (The secretary had left the office.) His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. /Linearized 1.0 Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? In groupthink, members of the group______. /H [ 658 210 ] According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. endobj Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. 47 14 In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. hbbd``b` H? What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. /O 49 Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . 0000013918 00000 n Social Researcher. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). endobj Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. endobj Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? 60 0 obj Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. (Goleman, 1991). With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in /ImageC On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). Therefore the person's attitude changes. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. Dr. Nekita Fuller 3. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. Please sign in to share these flashcards. /Info 46 0 R About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. . This is an example of which rule of attraction? It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). One Dollar condition. 49 0 obj /Text If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. 0000000015 00000 n He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance.