lack of mental health services in el salvador lack of mental health services in el salvador

[156] Furthermore, the CRPD requires governments to take all effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent persons with disabilities, on an equal basis with others, from being subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.[157], The UN special rapporteur on torture has said that the prohibition against torture and ill-treatment relates not only to public officials, such as law enforcement agents in the strictest sense, but may apply to doctors, health professionals and social workers, including those working in private hospitals, other institutions and detention centers.[158], The CRPD also recognizes the right of every person with disabilities to respect for their physical and mental integrity on an equal basis with others. Psychologists in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras are working to help citizens cope with the dire conditions that are compelling thousands to leave those countries. 25; ACHPR, art. 5 (2018), p. 397; WHO, Mental Health Atlas 2017 Member State Profile: Bangladesh, 2018, https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/atlas/profiles-2017/BGD.pdf?ua=1 (accessed June 18, 2020). Between October 2018 and February 2019, nearly 260,000 people left the Northern Triangle region (El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras)about double the number who left during the same period the previous year, according to an analysis of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and other data by migration researchers at the Lawfare Institute, a nonprofit educational organization based in Washington, D.C. (Leutert, S., & Spalding, S., Lawfare, Mar. Despite being easy to diagnose, there is a lack of mental health experts to treat these illnesses in Mexico. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zambia0714_ForUpload_1.pdf, p.16; A. Allen,andE.Green,Discrimination and Stigmatization of People with Epilepsy in Zambia: The Need for Integration of Social, Healthcare, and Policy Reform,, African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR), adopted June 27, 1981, OAU Doc. [33] The WHO has found that spending $1 on mental health services can yield a return of $4 in the form of improved productivity and health. In one case, a man with a psychosocial disability spent 37 years chained in a dark, sweltering cave in the mountains in Wadi Al-Sabab, Saudi Arabia. ), the poverty rate, the proportion of the area that is either young or elderly, the prevalence of alcohol and substance abuse, and travel time to a facility. Migrants typically aim to improve their families quality of life by sending money home to purchase a house or pay private school tuition or by saving up and returning after a few years. Undertake community support programs and independent and supported living arrangements for people with psychosocial disabilities, particularly those who have been freed from shackling. Res. Human Rights Watch found evidence of shackling across 60 countries across Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas. In many countries there is very limited, if any, government oversight of these institutions. 18 (4) and 28; ACHR, art. 66. UN, Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals, undated, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ (accessed September 22, 2020). Mental Health and Substance Use. 39/46, annex, 39 U.N. GAOR Supp. Nearly 1 in 5 Americans has some type of mental health condition. 14, 2019). These beliefs are driven by several perceived barriers in Americans ability to seek mental health treatment, including: Several individuals blamed the U.S. government and insurers for not providing enough funding and support for access. Ridha, a family member with relatives shackled in Oman, said: Its time for governments to step up so that families arent left to cope on their own.. In South Sudan, Human Rights Watch in 2012 and Amnesty International in 2016 documented people with real or perceived psychosocial disabilities being chained and detained in prison, not because they had committed a crime but simply because they had a disability. People in the neighborhood say that Im mad [maluca or nlhanyi]. A number of factors fuel the shortage, including a greater awareness of mental health problems that has spurred people to seek treatment. My aunt has tried her best to support them but she struggles with stigma and the lack of robust mental health services in Oman. The bill, in its current draft, provides the authorities with unfettered powers to arbitrarily strip people with mental health conditions of their civil liberties. Wyoming and Utah have the largest proportion of population living in mental health shortage areas, at 96.4% and 83.3%, respectively. Through the survey, the following groups were identified: veterans, active duty military and those with a secondary relationship with a veteran as well as those who have sought mental health treatment (Mental Health Treatment Seekers). [34], Irrespective of age, gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status or cultural background, health and particularly mental health is one of the most basic and necessary assets for human beings. Although mental health professionals had suspected mistreatment at the facility for years, the cases only came to light once video footage was anonymously leaked. In situation of conflict or crises, and more recently during the Covid-19 pandemic, people who are shackled are at greater risk because they are unable to leave or flee. (No. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. Human Rights Watch research in Nigeria found that people with mental health conditions were held in iron shackles around their ankles in locked-up wards in a psychiatric hospital and in government-run rehabilitation centers. Download (593.4 kB) WHO Team. However, one of the main concerns about the 686 program was that it predominantly took a medical approach to mental health that focused on freeing people from chains and then admitting them to a psychiatric hospital for treatment or putting them on a regimen of mental health medication. We dont know if hes dead or alive.[108] While Covid-19 has exposed the importance of psychological wellbeing and the need for connection and support within communities, it has exacerbated the risk to people with psychosocial disabilities. [109] "Indonesia: Shackling Reduced, But Persists," Human Rights Watch news release, October 2, 2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/10/02/indonesia-shackling-reduced-persists. in Somalia.[134]. Tony Evers declared this as the "year of mental health" in his budget address last month, one psychotherapist says the budget leaves an important component - mental health [132] Human Rights Watch, Ghana Breaks the Chains on Mental Health, video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7idmUmMccgw; Shantha Rau Barriga, Ghana Breaks The Chains On Mental Health, commentary, Human Rights Watch Dispatch, October 16, 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/16/ghana-breaks-chains-mental-health; Ghana: Oversight Needed to Enforce Shackling Ban, Human Rights Watch news release, October 9, 2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/10/09/ghana-oversight-needed-enforce-shackling-ban. [1] Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), adopted November 20, 1989, G.A. [18] Between 76 and 85 percent of people with mental health conditions who live in middle or low-income countries do not have access to mental health services. The United States, by comparison, spends about 8% of its health-care budget on mental health (Dieleman, J.L., et al., JAMA, Vol. Retornados carry a lot of stigma because of the criminal label that comes with deportation, says Juan Carlos Garca Rivera, a marriage and family therapist from El Salvador who is pursuing his doctorate in critical social/personality psychology at the City University of New York. [60] Human Rights Watch visit to Lawang Mental Hospital, East Java, Indonesia, August 12, 2015. [127] Human Rights Watch, Living in Hell, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/indonesia0316web.pdf; Nigeria: People With Mental Health Conditions Chained, Abused," Human Rights Watch news release, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/11/11/nigeria-people-mental-health-conditions-chained-abused. As psychologists, it is our professional ethical duty to get involved with this crisis, Beckley says. 3, entered into force January 3, 1976; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted December 18, 1979, G.A. [141] Irmansyah, Free from Pasung one decade on?, Inside Indonesia, July 24, 2020, https://www.insideindonesia.org/free-from-pasung-one-decade-on (accessed September 25, 2020). A doctor working at a psychiatric hospital in southern Nigeria said: We have to use chains in some cases.[59] In eastern Indonesia, Human Rights Watch witnessed a woman being tied around the waist with a twisted cloth and restrained to her Federal tax ID#: 13-3433452. They are run by self-proclaimed prophets and are Christian religious institutions not affiliated with other denominations, but with roots in the evangelical or Pentecostal movements, established for purposes of prayer, counseling, and spiritual healing. The ambulance system and hospitals are operating . ABSTRACT Objective To assess the need for decentralization of psychiatric services in El Salvador, based on country-specific evidence, and to generate baseline measures the government and researchers could use to monitor and measure future progress toward decentralization. [30] Even when mental health services are free or subsidized, in many countries the distance and transport costs are a significant barrier.[31]. In Indonesia, 57,000 people with mental health conditions have been in pasung (shackles) at least once in their lives. Two-thirds of shortage areas are in rural or partially rural parts of the country. Train and sensitize government health workers, mental health professionals, and staff in faith-based and traditional healing centers to the rights and needs of people with mental health conditions. Amina, who had a breakdown after her mother died and was taken to various Islamic healers, said she was tied with ropes, beaten, and spat on in one rehabilitation center in Kaduna, and then molested by a traditional healer in Abuja who came to her home: He told me to undress, that it is the part of the healing process, and then he started touching my body, Amina said. [112], When institutions provided food, people with psychosocial disabilities told Human Rights Watch that it was too meagerat times, just one meal a day. The CRPD establishes the right of all persons with disabilities to live in the community, with choices equal to others, and obligates governments to take the appropriate measures to ensure their full inclusion and participation in the community. Shackling impacts a persons mental as well as physical health. [78] Human Rights Watch interview with a lawyer, Nuevo Len DIF, Monterrey, Mexico, April 11, 2019. A custom index was developed, ranking each state according to its mental health service access. Adults Who Needed Substance Use and Mental Health Care Did Not Get Treatment, National Council will Honor Five Distinguished Recipients with Awards of Excellence During NatCon22, Statement from National Council for Mental Wellbeing President and CEO Chuck Ingoglia on the Senate Finance Committees Hearing on February 8. Rather, the critical issue is the inhumane treatment of people with psychosocial disabilities forced to stay there. [104] Human Rights Watch visit to an NGO-run institution in Herat, Afghanistan (name and details withheld). I forgot him. [13] WHO, Mental Health, https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/mental-health); The World Bank, Mental Health, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/mental-health). The organization provided psychosocial support to survivors during the Sepur Zarco trial, which resulted in the first conviction for sexual slavery during an armed conflict by a national court (Sepur Zarco: In Pursuit of Truth, Justice and Now Reparations, UN Women, 2017). In 15-minute interviews conducted while the Salvadoran immigration authorities processed migrants who had been deported from the United States for reentry into El Salvador, Gaborit and his colleagues assessed children and teens for depression, anxiety and somatization. Persons with disabilities are systematically placed into institutions and psychiatric facilities, or detained at home and other community settings, based on the existence or presumption of having an impairment.[166]. Through our Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) program, we have trained more than 2.6 million people in the U.S. to identify, understand and respond to signs and symptoms of mental health and substance use challenges. Listening and telling peoples stories is a first step to start humanizing migrants in a society where blaming the victim tends to be the norm., Children on the Run: Unaccompanied Children Leaving Central America and Mexico and the Need for International Protection Progressively develop voluntary and accessible community-based support and services, including access to housing, education, employment, and mental health services, in consultation with people with lived experiences of mental health conditions and with the support of international donors and partners. It made me sad [to chain him]. [133] Of these, 1,355 had been chained in Habeb hospital in Mogadishu, the capital, and 417 in the surrounding community. (No. Its very challenging to navigate domains where we may be told we dont belong, he says. [107] Amnesty International, Excluded: Living with Disabilities in Yemens Armed Conflict, December 3, 2019, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE3113832019ENGLISH.PDF (accessed August 3, 2020), p.17. Photo montage of people being shackled for weeks, months, and sometimes even years in Indonesia, Nigeria, Ghana, and Morocco. and Zambia. 2200A (XX1), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. Share this via Printer, Shackling of People with Psychosocial Disabilities Worldwide. If you get exhausted due to a lot of work, and so dont want to work anymore, you get caned.[124] In Nigeria, people in Islamic rehabilitation centers told Human Rights Watch that staff whipped them. There are currently no coordinated international or regional efforts to eradicate shackling. On the upcoming April 4 ballot, you can vote to increase funding for mental health initiatives and resources within Kankakee County. support services. From health insurance to prescription drug prices, the cost of healthcare has been a political issue for decades. The trained staff in turn educate additional health center staff about the program and mental health. 10. August 28, 2022 by Sandra Hearth. These individuals are skewing younger and are more likely to be of lower income and have a military background. Media@TheNationalCouncil.org The cost of mental health services can be prohibitive. In addition to similar financial incentives, the HRSA will waive the residency requirements for J-1 visa holders who agree to deliver health care for three years in a health care professional shortage area, encouraging foreign providers to address the needs of underserved areas. Celina de Sola 04:32 Acceptability refers to the need to adhere to ethical standards, including the principle of confidentiality and informed consent. Treaty Series No. I eat here once a day. (No. 16-18. Admitting patients to hospitals has also become more difficult. To that end, Garca Rivera works with the Liberation Psychology Intercambio/Exchange, a knowledge exchange program that connects psychologists, therapists, social workers and immigration lawyers from the United States and Central America to engage with psychological theories and practices originating in Latin America. Discover how we bring lifesaving care to those who need it most, Explore our work in more than 70 countries, Learn about the diseases and medical conditions we treat, Understand the complex crises we're responding to, A global movement providing lifesaving care, Get our annual financial statements and nonprofit tax filings, Understand our founding principles and the history of our work, Get the latest from our projects around the world, Read features from our quarterly magazine, Become a part of MSFs most important lifesaving work today, Discover the many ways you can support our lifesaving work, Individuals like you provide 90% of our funding, We make it easy to raise money to support the MSF movement, Learn how to get involved with our university student groups. Im only invited to spiritual events because my family thinks I have a spiritual problem, not a mental health condition, said Carlos, a 51-year-old man from Maputo, Mozambique. Our research indicates that most people want to work to support their families and send their children to school, says M. Brinton Lykes, PhD, a professor of community-cultural psychology and co-director of the Center for Human Rights and International Justice at Boston College. While many countries are increasingly starting to pay attention to the issue of mental health, the practice of shackling remains largely invisible. For example, Human Rights Watch research in Kenya found about 60 men, women, and children with real or perceived psychosocial disabilities chained, hidden from view, in the compound of the Coptic Church Mamboleo in Kisumu city in western Kenya. All of our clients from all of our programs are eligible to make appointments. Central Americans are seeking to escape gang violence, corruption, extreme poverty, the impacts of climate change and other problems, and hoping to resettle in Mexico or the United States. (Eds. It was like my mind had gone blank on account of the fright, she said. 34/180, 34 U.N. GAOR Supp. may well amount to torture.[161], The CRPD and the African Charter both explicitly prohibit all forms of exploitation, violence, and abuse. In 2019 at Adwumu Woho Herbal and Spiritual Centre in Senya Beraku, Ghana, about 60 kilometers from the capital, Accra, several men who were shackled and arbitrarily detained shouted out to a Human Rights Watch researcher: Help us get out of the chains. [7] In Indonesia, traditional healers who are versed in magic or dealing with spirits are usually referred to as paranormal or dukun, while Islamic faith healers who use Quranic recitations as a treatment method are known as ustad or kiai. The survey was conducted between July 31 August 12, 2018, with a margin of error of +/- 1.38 at the 95% confidence level. Therefore, people first consult faith or traditional healers and often only seek medical advice as a last resort. Yet, mental health draws only limited government attention. In El Salvador, learning disabilities and speech and language disorders are not considered disabilities for purposes of statistical reporting at the national level (MINED, 2015). People with psychosocial disabilities who are shackled in homes and institutions experience physical abuse if they try to run away from institutions or dont obey the staff. As of 2018, fewer than half of the 139 countries that have mental health policies had aligned them with international human rights conventions. Provide training to broader membership, including at grassroots levels, about the rights of people with psychosocial disabilities. The increase in people dying at home reflects the enormous strain COVID-19 has put on the health system. A/810 at 71 (1948), art. Mental health services in the U.S. are insufficient despite more than half of Americans (56%) seeking help. [52] Human Rights Watch interview with Mahmud Suleiman, a psychiatric nurse, occupational therapist, and member of the Islamic Medical Association of Nigeria, Kano, September 19, 2019. Authors Samuel V Nickels 1 , Mariely Campos Tomasino 2 , Nelson A Flamenco Arvaiza 2 , Cynthia A Hunter 3 Affiliations Traditional or religious healers: Traditional healers administer therapies based on theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures including ritual and herbal methods of treatment. 61/106, Annex II, UN GAOR, 61st Sess., Supp. Aisha, mother who chains her 18-year-old daughter with a psychosocial disability in the Gaza Strip told Human Rights Watch: Archbishop Danokech of the Holy Ghost Coptic Church of Africa in Kisumu, western Kenya, where over 60 men, women, and children with psychosocial disabilities are detained and most of whom are chained, told Human Rights Watch: We do not want them to wear clothes. [25] WHO, Mental Health Atlas 2017, 2018, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272735/9789241514019-eng.pdf?ua=1 (accessed July 21, 2020), p. 30. Along with hundreds of thousands of others, these Central Americans are migrating north this year seeking asylum, employment and family reunification. MSF is working . Anna-Catherine Brigida reports from San Salvador about a group of ambulance workers on how they cope with the Cohen Veterans Network and National Council for Mental Wellbeing partnered with Ketchum Analytics who conducted an online survey among 5,000 Americans, representative of the U.S. population based on age, gender, region, household income and race/ethnicity. The program is an ambitious government initiative that seeks to ensure that even the most rural, isolated, and reluctant communities get access to health services. Institutions: Refers to state-run (unless specified otherwise) psychiatric hospitals, government social care or nongovernmental organization-run residential facilities. It focuses on raising awareness about mental health and pasung, integrating mental health into primary health services, providing mental health medication at the 9,909 community health centers, training health staff to identify and diagnose basic mental health conditions, and creating community mental health teams called Tim Penggerak Kesehatan Jiwa Masyarakat (TPKJM) that act as a coordination mechanism between the department of health and others departments at the provincial and district levels to monitor and facilitate the release of people from pasung. UNHRC, Follow up report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment on his follow-up visit to the Republic of Ghana, Session 31, A/HRC/31/57/Add.2, February 25, 2015, People with Mental Health Conditions Living in Chains, https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/06/04/better-make-yourself-invisible/family-violence-against-people-disabilities-mexico, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/11/11/nigeria-people-mental-health-conditions-chained-abused, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/kazakhstan0319_web3.pdf, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/iran0618_web_1.pdf, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/somaliland1015_forupload_0.pdf, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/india1214.pdf, https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/928917.shtml, http://www.bjnews.com.cn/feature/2013/07/11/272800.html, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2021288/mentally-ill-chinese-girl-8-roped-tree-outside-grandparents, https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/10/02/death-sentence/abuses-against-persons-mental-disabilities-ghana, https://www.pih.org/article/celebrating-new-possibilities-sierra-leones-only-psychiatric-hospital, https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/31/57/Add.2,para. Decentralization of psychiatric services remains a major need in El Salvador, resulting in severe hardships on families. While countries are increasingly starting to pay attention to the issue of mental health, the practice of shackling remains largely invisible. QualityRights also focuses on empowering advocates and self-advocates to influence policy-making and push for national legal reforms to meet the standard set by the CRPD. It was heart-breaking.[51]. Additionally, the Social Affairs Ministry has 12 rapid response teams attached to 20 state-run institutions (pantis) across the country that conduct community outreach activities including rescuing people from pasung when they come across them. support MSFs lifesaving care with a gift. In Guatemala, for instance, rising temperatures and long droughts are reducing returns from coffee, corn and sugarcane farms. 55. For example, ECAP, a Guatemalan organization whose name translates to the Community Studies and Psychosocial Action Team, works primarily with indigenous women and children to seek gender equity and restorative justice for past crimes. 9. Shackling is a rudimentary form of physical restraint used to confine people with real or perceived psychosocial disabilities. I want to look around outside, go to work, plant rice in the paddy fields. [7] Christian faith healers typically use prayer, religious counseling, fasting, and spiritual healing as treatment methods. This report includes field research and testimonies collected by 16 Human Rights Watch researchers working in their own countries, including Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Ghana, Indonesia, Kenya, Liberia, Mexico, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Palestine, Russia, the self-declared independent state of Somaliland, South Sudan, and Yemen. Some people cannot even afford a mask. There is a shortage of bilingual or Spanish speaking mental health professionals. They have scars.[77] Esther, 37, a woman with a psychosocial disability who lived with her parents in a rural community in Apodaca, Nuevo Len, in northeastern Mexico, was shackled from the time she was a young girl. In one case, a man with a psychosocial disability spent 37 years chained in a dark, sweltering cave in the mountains in Wadi Al-Sabab, Saudi Arabia. [145] African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR), adopted June 27, 1981, OAU Doc. 31, no. We offer counseling appointments in our center with a psychologist. To date, about 20 out of Indonesias 34 provincesincluding Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara, East Java, Jambi, Yogyakarta, and Acehhave a functional pasung-free initiative. While the government has taken important steps to end shackling, the practice remains to this day. Depression is the most common mental illness in the world. L Guan et al., Unlocking Patients with Mental Disorders Who Were in Restraints at Home: A National Follow-Up Study of Chinas New Public Mental Health Initiatives, PLOS ONE 10(4) (2015), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121425 (accessed September 22, 2020). Human Rights Watch interviewed people with psychosocial disabilities who were shackled to trees, logs, pillars in a courtyard, dilapidated sheds without a roof over their heads, protection from the sun or rain, and with constant exposure to mosquitoes and pests. We send regular emails about upcoming events, member spotlights and updates in mental wellbeing. [156] ICCPR, art. For the purpose of this report, shackling is used in a broader sense to refer to the practice of confining a person with a psychosocial disability using chains, locking them in a room, a shed, a cage, or an animal shelter. [62], Human Rights Watch has found evidence of shackling across60 countries across Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas. [68] Daniel Arias et al., Prayer Camps and Biomedical Care in Ghana: Is Collaboration in Mental Health Care Possible? PLoS ONE 11(9), September 12, 2016, doi:10.1371/journal. 58 (1982), entered into force October 21, 1986. Areas are designated as having a shortage if they meet certain criteria: the ratio of mental health providers (e.g., psychiatrists, clinical social workers, therapists, etc. [99] Human Rights Watch interview with Archbishop Danokech, Archbishop at the Holy Ghost Coptic Church of Africa, Kisumu, Kenya, February 18, 2020. This study of decentralization of mental health services in El Salvador supports the concerns of LAC mental health leaders and researchers that progress toward community mental health services has been slow and is far from being achieved. Shackling occurs in many countries that are party to international and regional human rights treaties that prohibit abusive treatment and related rights. Decades of trauma and violence in the Northern Triangleincluding civil wars in Guatemala and El Salvador and ongoing political instability in Hondurashave left behind a trail of crime, poverty, sociopolitical unrest and extreme income inequality in all three countries. [5]. If a family fairs poorly on even one indicator, then it is identified as needing assistance. Since the launch of QualityRights in Ghana in February 2019, around 15,000 people have enrolled in the course and around 7,430 people have completed the training. 58. [150], The CRPD introduces a significant shift in approach to legal capacity, giving agency to people with disabilities and empowering them to make decisions and exercise rights on their own behalf. [5] World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry, Implementation Manual for the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, February 2008, http://www.wnusp.rafus.dk/documents/WNUSP_CRPD_Manual.doc (accessed December 20, 2015), p. 9. 16) at 49, U.N. Doc. [83] Mohamed Rushdie, Torture, Rape and Death Are Crimes That Pursue 8 Million Psychiatric Patients in Egypt, January 29, 2018, https://www.tahrirnews.com/Story/866399/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%82-8-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9 (accessed August 3, 2020). [66] Human Rights Watch, Living in Hell, https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/03/20/living-hell/abuses-against-people-psychosocial-disabilities-indonesia, p. 35; Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, Stop Stigma and Discrimination to People with Mental Disorder, October 10, 2014, http://www.depkes.go.id/article/view/201410270011/stop-stigma-dan-diskriminasi-terhadap-orang-dengan-gangguan-jiwa-odgj.html (accessed August 20, 2015); Marsel Rombe, Indonesian Mental Health Law Passed after Five Years, Jakarta Globe, July 13, 2014, http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/indonesian-mental-health-law-passed-five-years (accessed August 19, 2015).